A stroke is a sudden loss of brain function caused by blocked blood flow (ischemic stroke) or bleeding into the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). Immediate evaluation and treatment greatly improve outcomes for patients across Minnesota and Wisconsin.
What Is a Stroke?
A stroke occurs when part of the brain stops receiving oxygen-rich blood, causing rapid loss of brain tissue.
- Ischemic stroke (≈ 87% of cases): A blood clot blocks a brain artery.
- Hemorrhagic stroke: A weakened blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into or around brain tissue.
Both types require immediate medical care because untreated stroke can lead to long-term neurological impairment.
For related cerebrovascular conditions, see Brain Aneurysm, Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM), and Aneurysm Clipping.
Risk Factors (Most Common Causes)
A stroke is more likely with the following risk factors:
- High blood pressure
- Diabetes
- Heart disease
- Smoking
- Family history of stroke
- Increasing age
- Sedentary lifestyle
These risks influence blood vessel health and increase the chance of clot formation or arterial rupture.
Symptoms of a Stroke (Immediate Recognition)
Stroke symptoms occur suddenly and require emergency evaluation:
- Loss of balance or coordination
- Severe headache
- Blurred or decreased vision
- Drooping on one side of the face
- Arm or leg weakness, often on one side
- Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
Use the FAST method: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call 911.
How Stroke Is Diagnosed
Stroke is diagnosed through neurological examination and advanced imaging:
- CT scan – quickly identifies bleeding
- MRI – detects early ischemic injury
- Vascular imaging – evaluates arteries for clots or narrowing
- Heart tests – identify clot sources such as arrhythmias or valve issues
Patients evaluated at Midwest Spine & Brain Institute receive coordinated neurosurgical and neurological assessment.
How Is a Stroke Treated?
Treatment depends on whether the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic.
Ischemic Stroke Treatment
Restores blood flow and prevents further clotting:
- Clot-dissolving medications (given within a specific time window)
- Antiplatelet therapy to prevent new clot formation
- Anticoagulants to stop existing clots from growing
- Carotid procedures for blocked neck arteries:
Hemorrhagic Stroke Treatment
Stops bleeding and relieves pressure on the brain:
- Aneurysm repair, including Aneurysm Clipping
- AVM removal — see Arteriovenous Malformation
- Blood pressure control and critical care monitoring
Recovery & Rehabilitation
Patients may benefit from:
- Physical therapy
- Occupational therapy
- Speech therapy
Therapies help restore function, improve mobility, and support return to daily activities.
Meet Our Cerebrovascular & Neurosurgical Experts
Patients receive advanced stroke-related neurosurgical care from:
- Eric S. Nussbaum, M.D. – Internationally recognized cerebrovascular surgeon
- Stefano Sinicropi, M.D.
- Todd E. Jackman, M.D.
- Meysam Kebriaei, M.D.
- David Chang, M.D.
View all conditions: Conditions & Treatments Hub
FAQs About Stroke
What are the first signs of a stroke?
Sudden facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty, vision changes, or loss of balance are the earliest warning signs.
How fast should someone be treated for a stroke?
Immediately—treatment within minutes greatly improves chances of recovery and reduces long-term disability.
Do all strokes require surgery?
No. Ischemic strokes often use medication, while hemorrhagic strokes may require procedures to stop bleeding or repair aneurysms or AVMs.
Can a stroke be prevented?
Managing blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol, smoking cessation, and regular exercise significantly lowers stroke risk.
What imaging test is best for stroke?
A CT scan is used first to rule out bleeding; MRI offers the most sensitive early detection of ischemic injury.