Myelopathy is a condition where the spinal cord becomes compressed or damaged, leading to pain, weakness, balance problems, and functional decline if not treated promptly.
What Is Myelopathy?
Myelopathy refers to spinal cord dysfunction caused by compression, inflammation, or structural narrowing in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine. It disrupts normal nerve signaling, affecting strength, coordination, and sensation throughout the body.
Symptoms of Myelopathy
Balance problems, hand weakness, and gait changes are the most common symptoms of cervical myelopathy.
Other symptoms include:
- Numbness, tingling, or “electric shock” sensations in arms or legs
- Difficulty with fine motor tasks (e.g., buttoning, writing)
- Leg stiffness or muscle spasms
- Reduced grip strength
- Bowel or bladder urgency, retention, or dysfunction
- Progressive difficulty walking or frequent falls
Urgent evaluation is recommended if symptoms worsen rapidly.
Why Myelopathy Happens (Causes)
Myelopathy develops when the spinal cord is compressed or structurally narrowed due to:
- Cervical spinal stenosis from degenerative changes
- Disc herniations pressing on the spinal cord
- Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL)
- Arthritic bone spurs (osteophytes)
- Traumatic injury
- Spinal tumors or infections
Age-related degeneration is the most common cause in adults over 50.
How Myelopathy Is Diagnosed
Diagnosis starts with a neurological exam and advanced imaging to evaluate spinal cord health.
Common diagnostic tools include:
- MRI to visualize spinal cord compression, inflammation, or signal changes
- X-rays to assess alignment, instability, or arthritic changes
- CT scans for detailed bone anatomy
- Electrodiagnostic studies when symptoms affect limb function
Accurate diagnosis guides whether conservative care or surgery is recommended.
Treatment Options for Myelopathy
Treatment depends on how much spinal cord compression is present and whether symptoms are progressive.
Conservative Care
Mild cases may benefit from:
- Anti-inflammatory medications
- Physical therapy focused on balance and stability
- Activity modification
However, conservative care typically manages symptoms but does not reverse spinal cord compression.
When Surgery Is Recommended
Surgery is often recommended when:
- Symptoms are worsening
- Imaging shows significant spinal cord compression
- There is hand dysfunction, balance decline, or gait disturbance
Surgical options may include:
- Decompression to relieve pressure on the spinal cord
- Fusion to stabilize the spine if instability is present
- Motion-preserving procedures when appropriate
Early intervention may help preserve long-term neurological function.
Myelopathy Care in Minnesota & Wisconsin
For evaluation and treatment, call 1.800.353.7720 or complete the appointment request form.
Midwest Spine & Brain Institute provides evidence-based care for patients across the Twin Cities metro, Greater Minnesota, and Western Wisconsin.
FAQs About Myelopathy
What is the most common cause of myelopathy?
Degenerative cervical spinal stenosis is the most common cause, especially in adults over age 50.
Is myelopathy reversible?
Symptoms may improve with timely treatment, particularly when spinal cord compression is relieved early.
How is myelopathy different from neuropathy?
Myelopathy affects the spinal cord, while neuropathy involves peripheral nerves; myelopathy often causes coordination and gait problems.
Do all cases of myelopathy require surgery?
No. Mild cases may be monitored or managed conservatively, but progressive symptoms often require surgical decompression.
What are early warning signs of myelopathy?
Hand clumsiness, imbalance, frequent tripping, and difficulty with fine movements are common early indicators.
When should I seek urgent care?
Seek immediate attention if you experience sudden leg weakness or new bowel/bladder changes.